This doctoral thesis is organized in a compendium format and comprises four chapters that collectively address the valorization of biomass-derived resources for the sustainable engineering of semiconductor metal oxides with potential environmental applications. Chapter 1 presents a review article focused on the green modification of semiconductor metal oxides through biomass-derived materials and agro-industrial residues. This chapter establishes the theoretical framework of the thesis by discussing the current state of the art, the main synthesis approaches, and the influence of renewable resources on the structural, optical, and photocatalytic properties of metal oxides. Chapter 2 investigates the role of different agricultural residues in the formation and phase evolution of TiO2. The chapter focuses on understanding how the chemical composition of biomass ashes influences crystallization processes and phase transformations during thermal treatment, providing insights into the structural engineering of TiO2 materials. Chapter 3 addresses the synthesis of TiO2 modified with cashew nutshell ash. This chapter explores the influence of this agro-industrial residue on the physicochemical properties of the material and evaluates its potential as a sustainable modifier for the development of photocatalysts intended for environmental remediation. Chapter 4 extends the biomass-assisted engineering approach to ZnO. The chapter examines the effects of cashew nutshell ash on the synthesis, structural characteristics, and photocatalytic applicability of ZnO-based materials, allowing a comparative assessment of biomass-induced modifications in different semiconductor systems. Finally, the thesis concludes with a chapter integrating the main findings of the individual studies and discussing future research perspectives related to biomass valorization, semiconductor engineering, and environmental remediation technologies.